![]() ![]() Measurement techniques have been of immense importance ever since the start of human civilization, when measurements were first needed to regulate the transfer of goods in barter trade to ensure that exchanges were fair. Range-Input range: specifies the minimum & maximum input values for the system (I min I max)-Output range: specifies the minimum & maximum output values corresponding to the minimum & maximum input values (O min O max) Span Span is the maximum variation in the input or output for a system (difference between the maximum & minimum values).-Input span: I max-I min-Output span: O max-O min Example: A typical thermocouple element has the following input & output ranges: Input range: 100 250 C Output range: 4 10 mV Example: A typical thermocouple element has the following span: Input span = 250 C – 100 C = 150 C Output span = 10 mV – 4 mV = 6 mV Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques (2 nd Edition), by William David Cooper, Prentice Hall 1978 Systematic characteristics are quantities that describe the system, and can be represented in graphical or mathematical form. ![]() Principles of Measurement Systems (3 rd Edition), by John P. ![]() Unless otherwise specified, all materials and diagrams are adapted from the following sources: 1. ![]()
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